Losing Horizon
Known as Changpas, or people who migrated from the Tibetan district of ‘Changthang, a very special community resides-- or rather moves around-- the dry mountains of Ladakh in the Indian Himalayas. Rearing goats is their only way of life and for these soft but hairy creatures these shepherds migrate from place to place looking for pastures. The community is rich because their pets yield 'pashmina' wool--a valuable commodity. Once these nomads had little use for money as they rarely strayed even to a secondary town like Leh, and they were more used to living by raw nature—using yaks as transport, using yak skin for tents, using yaks’ fat for fuel. But with global warming their landscape is changing. The rivers are either drying up or are changing courses. The Changpas no longer can predict with certainly that they will find grass at a certain place at a certain time. Being excellent adapters the Changpas are finally taking up the rules of contemporary living. They are sending their children to residential schools, and are investing in concrete homes in cities. In a few years there will remain no caravan to cross the brown horizon of Ladakh.
I was trying to discuss those old, free days with Dicky Dolma but the problem turned out that she was laughing more. Wind here has a rare physicality and I lost my balance a number of times, blown by it. That made Dicky almost hysteric. Though not sure of her age she told me that she is migrating now for more than half a century—living the course of an entire life right on the wild. Exposure to the elements was written large on Dicky Dolma’s scratched face, though her posture was regal like an inscribed stone. All her life she knew the grammar of surviving on the basics, keeping faith in the protective layers of canvas and yak-skin. Years were just shifting their tent colony from one pasture to the other, leaving a grazing ground for the next as soon as the greenery is chewed up by their herd. Life was so linear then.
Standing at such a temporary colony of the Changpas about forty kilometers from the Ladakhi town of Hanle, and talking to Dicky Dolma, I first came to know about the fear of losing horizon. All around me were enacted another busy, nomadic day—men and women converging into the camp with their herds from far off, grimacing sheep-dogs trying to look fatal, horses stumping on dead gravel. Now and then dust-storm was obliterating everything from vision. Nature looked fierce, uncompromising. Chimneys protruding from ‘robu’—or octagonal canvas tents—were gurgling out occasional smoke into a spotless sky. Inside any robu an oven is always kept burning for continuous supply of ‘gutgut chai’ (tea made with salt and butter) and a lamp is also kept flickering before a framed picture of His Holiness the Dalai Lama. Tinkle from a marching herd seemed like jingle from an active landscape.
Beside Dicky Dolma I could find only a few elders in the entire settlement—the reason being they are left in villages to access a better healthcare infrastructure, and also to look after the very youngs who are no more part of caravans. This is another old Indian story of tradition giving way to common sense and a somewhat sustainable lifestyle, but for the Changpas the mountainscape is certainly shrinking. In another 10 years there will be no migrants all year long in the valleys of Ladakh, and the rivers will feel lonely.
Story and images by - Joydip Mitra
Price - GBP 250
-
Dicky Dolma feels in her eighth heaven when she tends to her herd. The Changpas value their sheep the most in all senses, and a settlement with about 20 robus may possess more than 1000 sheep. Hair cut from the upper abdomen of this special breed of sheep is Pashmina Wool and it is always in high demand.
-
Instead of animal fat the Changpas can now afford to make use of solar cells. Their tents are more sturdy and orderly, and they look positively wealthy with all basic elements of comfort. Pashmina wool is always in high demand and the Changpas are certainly rich in the Indian standard.
-
Utterly lonely in a camp in nowhere, Tashi, 5 is very fond of his football. Most of the settlements are now quite free of kids, because, keeping an eye on an uncertain future, the Changpas have sent them to residential schools in cities where they will learn the grammar of survival in the present world.
-
Changpas are making use of scooters and pick-up vans instead of horses and yaks more frequently these days. This has made exploring wide regions for grass easier, and it is also easier to break camp and move onto another pasture in no time at all.
-
As day ends in magic light and another dust-storm, a Changpa familys concern is only the safety of their adopted herd. For the night the herd is confined in an enclosure guarded efficiently by sheep-dogs. Imminent dangers in the form of mountain wolves and snow leopards are taken care of by these fierce dogs.
-
Tenzin and mom inside their robu-- an octagonal canvas tent in which a Changpa family lives. Warm and welcoming, a robu has an oven at the centre that is always kept burning for supply of infinite cups of nimak chai. For fuel the Changpas use the droppings of their Pashmina sheep.
-
Living together a common simple living is the way of life in a Changpa settlement. Those who have aged look after all the young members of the settlement, while their parents are away in the grazing fields.
-
Frequent dust-storms are part of a common day here in this Changpa settlement, near Hanle. At dawn men and young girls move onto the pastures with their herds, and all get busy when they return back. A strong sense of community dictates life here.
-
Too young to leave for school or live away from mom, Tenzin, 4, is very much part of the last few nomadic groups. Playing with Pashmina sheep and learning early the basic elements of nature like the warmth and the wind, Tenzin frequently looks far. In a few years he will take up the philosophy of a contemporary and essentially urban world that never mourned for a lost horizon.
-
Valleys of the Changpas are losing green every day, and, though they are used to living bereft of green, life is becoming harder. Its now an effort finding grass for their sheep, and occasionally the Changpas are made to clamber over tall cliffs in its search. In winter things become more irregular, as the rivers freeze and no flow causes almost no vegetation.